4 4 JOBS ARE CHANGING AROUND THE WORLD LEADING TO CREATIVE COMMUNITIES THAT MIX JOBS AND RESIDENTIAL USES THE FOURTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION BY KLAUS SCHWAB Klaus Schwab is the Founder and Executive Chairman of the World Economic Forum. In this 2017 publication by the Forum the key technologies driving what Schwab has termed the Fourth Industrial Revolution are outlined and their impacts on governments, businesses and civil society are explained. The first industrial revolution came with the invention of the steam engine and spanned from 1760 to 1840. The second started in the late 19th century and early 20th century with mass production enabled by electricity and the assembly line. The third industrial revolution began in the 1960s through the computer and digital revolution including the development of the internet. Schwab describes the fourth industrial revolution which began in the early 2000s as involving a more mobile internet, more powerful sensors, artificial intelligence and machine learning. The book states “By enabling ‘smart factories’, the fourth industrial revolution creates a world in which virtual and physical systems of manufacturing globally cooperate with each other in a flexible way.” Clearly the rate of change is increasing and the environmental impact of production is being improved through the new technologies. THE NEW GEOGRAPHY OF JOBS BY ENRICO MORETTI Enrico Moretti’s book outlines the dramatic decline in traditional manufacturing jobs and a swing to new types of technology related jobs. He describes that since 1985 in America 372,000 manufacturing jobs have been lost every year for 25 years. He explains how some well meaning mayors of cities have tried to preserve traditional industrial manufacturing jobs only to find they have been economically unviable. CITY OF PORTLAND MIXED USE ZONES PROJECT Portland has reviewed previous zones to ensure that mixed use can occur in the right areas. This October 2014 report began a process to support convenient, walkable neighbourhoods in centres and corridors. Residential uses are allowed in all commercial zones and the Mixed Use project set out to ensure a ‘range of housing types to meet differing household size and income profiles were achieved. BALTIMORE’S INDUSTRIAL MIXED-USE ZONE Baltimore brought in a new zoning category in 2017 titled “industrial mixed-use” which was intended to spur economic development while preserving neighbourhood character throughout the city. The new zone allows residential development in areas that were traditionally industrial but where there was interest in creating a mix of light industrial, office and residential uses. The code also incorporated generic categories to keep it more flexible and up to date with technology changing industrial uses so quickly. PORTLAND NEW YORK BALTIMORE ATLANTA